Timeline: Grace HOUSEMAN: The Housemans of Nidderdale

The Housemans of Nidderdale
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William HOUSEMAN (1833 - 1904)

Grace HOUSEMAN (1687 - )

	Date	Event(s)
1	1687	4 April 1687—4 April 1687: James II issues the Declaration of Indulgence, suspending laws against Catholics and non-conformists 5 July 1687—5 July 1687: Newton published his Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica' - written in Latin
2	1688	1688—1688: British Army raised to 40,000 1688—1688: Bill of Rights limits the powers of the monarchy over parliament 1688—1688: Hearth Tax abolished 1688—1688: Mutiny Act February 1688—February 1688: Edward Lloyd's Coffee House opens - later became Lloyd's of London November 1688—November 1688: The Glorious Revolution: James II abdicates 5 November 1688—5 November 1688: William of Orange lands at Torbay December 1688—December 1688: Siege of Londonderry (began Dec 1688; ended 28 Jul 1689)
3	1689	1689—1689: Devonport naval dockyard established 13 February 1689—13 February 1689: William III and Mary II, daughter of James II, jointly take the throne (only William, however, has regal power) 12 March 1689—12 March 1689: Deposed James VII & II flees to Ireland - defeated at the Battle of the Boyne (1 Jul 1690) 24 May 1689—24 May 1689: Toleration Act passed for Protestant non-conformists 27 July 1689—27 July 1689: Battle of Killiecrankie in Scotland - Jacobites defeated Government troops but at high cost 16 December 1689—16 December 1689: Bill of Rights passed by Parliament, ending King's divine right to raise taxes or wage war
4	1690	20 May 1690—20 May 1690: England passes Act of Grace, forgiving Roman Catholic followers of James II
5	1692	1692—1692: Land Tax introduced - originally designed as an annual tax on personal estate, public offices and land. For practical purposes, however, assessors tended to avoid assessing items of wealth other than landed property so that it became known as the Land Tax. 1692—1692: French intention to invade England came to nothing 13 February 1692—13 February 1692: The massacre of Glencoe - Clan Campbell sides with King William and murders members of Clan McDonald
6	1693	4 August 1693—4 August 1693: Date traditionally ascribed to Dom Pierre P?rignon 's invention of Champagne
7	1694	1694—1694: National Debt came into effect in England 1694—1694: Stamp Duties introduced into Britain from Holland 1694—1694: Mary II death leaves William III as sole ruler 1694—1694: Triennial Act, new Parliamentary elections every three years 1694—1694: Scotland: Poll Tax imposed on all over sixteen, except the destitute and insane (-1699) 27 July 1694—27 July 1694: Bank of England founded by William Paterson (a Scot)
8	1695	1695—1695: Freedom of Press in England granted 1695—1695: Bank of Scotland founded 1695—1695: Act of Parliament imposes a fine on all who fail to inform the parish minister of the birth of a child (repealed 1706) 1695—1695: Start of Dissenters' lists in parish registers - children born but not christened in the parish church - some were named 'Papist' and others 'Protestants'
9	1697	2 December 1697—2 December 1697: Official opening of St Paul's Cathedral
10	1698	1698—1698: Invention of steam engine by Capt Thomas Savery 1698—1698: Darien Expedition: a disastrous attempt to establish a Scots settlement in Panama 1698—1698: Duties (taxes) on entries in parish registers - repealed after five years 4 January 1698—4 January 1698: Most of the Palace of Whitehall in London destroyed by fire 14 November 1698—14 November 1698: Eddystone Lighthouse (Henry Winstanley's) first lit; completed 10 days earlier
11	1700	1700—1700: Population in England and Scotland approx 7.5 million
12	1701	1701—1701: Act of Settlement bars Catholics from the British throne 23 May 1701—23 May 1701: After being convicted of piracy and murdering William Moore, Captain William Kidd hanged in London
13	1702	8 March 1702—8 March 1702: Anne Stuart becomes Queen 11 March 1702—11 March 1702: First English daily newspaper The Daily Courant (till 1735)
14	1703	4 August 1703—4 August 1703: British take Gibraltar 24 November 1703—24 November 1703: Climate: Most violent storms of the millennium cause vast damage across southern England - about a third of Britain's merchant fleet lost, and Eddystone lighthouse destroyed on 27 November (Nov 24 - Dec 2)
15	1704	1704—1704: Penal Code enacted - Catholics barred from voting, education and the military 13 August 1704—13 August 1704: Battle of Blenheim
16	1705	1705—1705: First workable steam pumping engine devised by Thomas Newcomen (some say c1710 or 1711) 1705—1705: Isaac Newton knighted (for his work at the Royal Mint)
17	1706	1706—1706: First evening newspaper The Evening Post' issued in London
18	1707	16 January 1707—16 January 1707: Union with Scotland - Scots agree to send 16 peers and 45 MPs to English Parliament in return for full trading privileges - Scottish Parliament meets for the last time in March 1 May 1707—1 May 1707: English and Scottish Parliaments united by an Act of the English Parliament - The Kingdom of Great Britain established - largest free-trade area in Europe at the time
19	1708	1708—1708: First Jacobite rising in Scotland 1708—1708: Earliest Artillery Muster Rolls
20	1709	1709—1709: Second Eddystone lighthouse completed 1709—1709: First Copyright Act pass 1709—1709: Bad harvests throughout Europe - bread riots in Britain 2 February 1709—2 February 1709: Alexander Selkirk rescued from shipwreck on a desert island, inspiring the book Robinson Crusoe (published in 1719) by Daniel Defoe
21	1710	1710—1710: Tax on Apprentice Indentures introduced
22	1711	1711—1711: Incorporation of South Sea Company, in London 11 August 1711—11 August 1711: First race meeting at Ascot
23	1712	1712—1712: Imposition of Soap Tax (abolished 1853) 1712—1712: Last trial for witchcraft in England (Jane Wenham) 1712—1712: Toleration Act passed - first relief to non-Anglicans
24	1713	1713—1713: By this year there are some 3,000 coffee houses in London
25	1714	1714—1714: Longitude Act: prize of ?20,000 offered to the inventor of a workable method of determining a ship's longitude (won by John Harrison in 1773 for his chronometer). 1714—1714: Schism Act, prevents Dissenters from being schoolmasters in England 1714—1714: Landholders forced to take the Oath of Allegiance and renounce Roman Catholicism 1 August 1714—1 August 1714: Queen Anne Stuart dies - George I Hanover becomes king (1714-1727).
26	1715	1715—1715: Second Jacobite rebellion in Scotland, under the Old Pretender ('The Fifteen') 1 August 1715—1 August 1715: Riot Act passed
27	1716	1716—1716: The Septennial Act of Britain leads to greater electoral corruption - general elections now to be held once every 7 years instead of every 3 (until 1911) 1716—1716: Climate: Thames frozen so solid that a spring tide lifted the ice bodily 13ft without interrupting the frost fair
28	1717	1717—1717: First Masonic Lodge opens in London 1717—1717: Value of the golden guinea fixed at 21 shillings
29	1719	1719—1719: Third abortive Jacobite rising
30	1720	1720—1720: South Sea Bubble, a stock-market crash on Exchange Alley - government assumes control of National Debt 1720—1720: Manufacturing towns start to increase in population - rise of new wealth 1720—1720: Wallpaper becomes fashionable in England
31	1721	2 April 1721—2 April 1721: Robert Walpole (Whig) becomes first Prime Minister (to 1742)
32	1722	1722—1722: Last trial for witchcraft in Scotland 1722—1722: Knatchbull's Act, poor laws
33	1723	1723—1723: Excise tax levied for coffee, tea, and chocolate 1723—1723: The Waltham Black Acts add 50 capital offences to the penal code - people could be sentenced to death for theft and poaching - repealed in 1827 1723—1723: The Workhouse Act or Test - to get relief, a poor person has to enter Workhouse
34	1724	1724—1724: Rapid growth of gin drinking in England 1724—1724: Longman's founded (Britain's oldest publishing house)
35	1726	1726—1726: First circulating library opened in Edinburgh 1726—1726: Invention of the chronometer by John Harrison
36	1727	1727—1727: Board of Manufacturers established in Scotland 11 June 1727—11 June 1727: George I dies - George II Hanover becomes king
37	1729	9 November 1729—9 November 1729: Treaty of Seville signed between Britain, France and Spain - Britain maintained control of Port Mahon and Gibraltar
38	1730	1730—1730: Irish famine
39	1731	1731—1731: Invention of seed drill by Jethro Tull [others say 1701] 1731—1731: Invention of sextant by John Hadley
40	1732	7 December 1732—7 December 1732: Covent Garden Opera House opens
41	1733	1733—1733: Excise crisis: Sir Robert Walpole wanted to add excise tax to tobacco and wine - Pulteney and Bolingbroke oppose the excise tax 1733—1733: Law forbidding the use of Latin in parish registers generally obeyed - some continued in Latin for a few years 1733—1733: John Kay invents the flying shuttle, revolutionised the weaving industry
42	1734	1734—1734: Kent's Directory published
43	1737	1737—1737: Licensing Act restricts the number of London theatres and subects plays to censorship of the Lord Chamberlain (till 1950s)
44	1738	24 May 1738—24 May 1738: John Wesley has his conversion experience
45	1739	1739—1739: Wesley and Whitefield commence great Methodist revival 7 April 1739—7 April 1739: Dick Turpin, highwayman, hanged at York 23 October 1739—23 October 1739: War of Jenkins' Ear starts: Robert Walpole reluctantly declares war on Spain
46	1741	1741—1741: Benjamin Ingham founded the Moravian Methodists or Inghamites - Earliest Moravian registers
47	1742	1742—1742: England goes to war with Spain - incited by William Pitt the Elder (Earl of Chatham) for the sake of trade
48	1743	16 June 1743—16 June 1743: (June 27 in Gregorian calendar): Battle of Dettingen - last time a British sovereign (George II) led troops in battle
49	1744	1744—1744: Tune 'God Save the King' makes its appearance
50	1745	1745—1745: Jacobite rebellion in Scotland ('The Forty-five') 19 August 1745—19 August 1745: Bonnie Prince Charlie (The Young Pretender) lands in the western Highlands - raises support among Episcopalian and Catholic clans - The Pretender's army invades Perth, Edinburgh, and England as far as Derby
51	1746	16 April 1746—16 April 1746: Battle of Culloden - last battle fought in Britain - 5,000 Highlanders routed by the Duke of Cumberland and 9,000 loyalists Scots - Young Pretender Charles flees to Continent, ending Jacobite hopes forever - the wearing of the kilt prohibited
52	1747	1747—1747: Act for Pacification of the Highlands 1747—1747: Abolition of Heritable Jurisdictions in Scotland
53	1749	27 April 1749—27 April 1749: First performance of Handel's Music for the Royal Fireworks (in Green Park, London)
54	1750	February 1750—February 1750: Series of earthquakes in London and the Home Counties cause panic with predictions of an apocalypse (Feb/Mar) 16 November 1750—16 November 1750: Original Westminster Bridge opened (replaced in 1862 due to subsidence)
55	1751	March 1751—March 1751: Chesterfield's Calendar Act passed - royal assent to the bill was given on 22 May 1751 - decision to adopt Gregorian Calendar in 1752: In and throughout all his
56	1752	1752—1752: Benjamin Franklin invents the lightning conductor 1 January 1752—1 January 1752: Beginning of the year 1752 [Scotland had adopted January as the start of the year in 1600, and some other countries in Europe had adopted the Gregorian calendar as early as 1582] 3 September 1752—3 September 1752: Julian Calendar dropped and Gregorian Calendar adopted in England and Scotland, making this Sep 14
57	1753	1753—1753: Private collection of Sir Hans Sloane forms the basis of the British Museum 1 May 1753—1 May 1753: Publication of ?Species Plantarum' by Linnaeus and the formal start date of plant taxonomy
58	1754	1754—1754: Hardwicke Act (1753): Banns to be called, and Printed Marriage Register forms to be used - Quakers & Jews exempt 1754—1754: In the General Election, the Cow Inn at Haslemere, Surrey caused a national scandal by subdividing the freehold to create eight votes instead of one 1754—1754: First British troops not belonging to the East India Company despatched to India
59	1755	1755—1755: Publication of Dictionary of the English Language' by Dr Samuel Johnson 1755—1755: Period of canal construction began in Britain (till 1827) 2 December 1755—2 December 1755: Second Eddystone Lighthouse destroyed by fire
60	1756	15 May 1756—15 May 1756: The Seven Years War with France (Pitt's trade war) begins June 1756—June 1756: Black Hole of Calcutta - 146 Britons imprisoned, most die according to British sources
61	1757	1757—1757: The foundation laid for the Empire of India 14 March 1757—14 March 1757: Admiral Byng shot at Portsmouth for failing to relieve Minorca 23 June 1757—23 June 1757: The Nawab of Bengal tries to expel the British, but is defeated at the battle of Plassey (Palashi, June 23) - the East India Company forces are led by Robert Clive
62	1758	1758—1758: India stops being merely a commercial venture - England begins dominating it politically - The East India Company retains its monopoly although it ceased to trade
63	1759	1759—1759: Wesley builds 356 Methodist chapels 15 January 1759—15 January 1759: British Museum opens to the public in London 16 October 1759—16 October 1759: Third Eddystone Lighthouse (John Smeaton's) completed
64	1760	1760—1760: Carron Iron Works in operation in Scotland 5 May 1760—5 May 1760: First use of hangman's drop 25 October 1760—25 October 1760: George II dies - George III Hanover, his grandson, becomes king. The date conventionally marks the start of the so-called first Industrial Revolution'
65	1761	16 January 1761—16 January 1761: British capture Pondicherry, India from the French
66	1762	1762—1762: Cigars introduced into Britain from Cuba
67	1763	1763—1763: Treaty of Paris - gives back to France everything Pitt fought to obtain - (Newfoundland [fishing], Guadaloupe and Martininque [sugar], Dakar [gum]) - but English displaces French as the international language
68	1764	1764—1764: Lloyd's Register of shipping first prepared 1764—1764: Practice of numbering houses introduced to London 1764—1764: James Hargeaves invents the Spinning Jenny (but destroyed 1768) 1764—1764: Mozart produces his first symphony at age eight
69	1765	1765—1765: The potato becomes the most popular food in Europe 22 March 1765—22 March 1765: Stamp Act passed - imposed a tax on publications and legal documents in the American colonies (repealed the following year)
70	1766	1766—1766: Start of 'composite' national records on rainfall in the UK 5 December 1766—5 December 1766: Christie's auction house founded in London by James Christie
71	1767	1767—1767: Newcomen's steam pumping engine perfected by James Watt
72	1768	9 January 1768—9 January 1768: Philip Astley starts his circus in London 6 December 1768—6 December 1768: The first edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica' published in Edinburgh by William Smellie
73	1769	1769—1769: Arkwright invents water frame (textile production) 1769—1769: Capt James Cook maps the coast of New Zealand 6 September 1769—6 September 1769: David Garrick organises first Shakespeare festival at Stratford-upon-Avon
74	1770	1770—1770: Clyde Trust created to convert the River Clyde, then an insignificant river, into a major thoroughfare for maritime communications 28 April 1770—28 April 1770: Capt James Cook lands in Australia (Botany Bay) ? Aug 21: formally claims Australia for Britain
75	1771	1771—1771: Right to report Parliamentary debates established in England
76	1772	1772—1772: First Travellers' Cheques issued by the London Credit Exchange Company 1772—1772: Morning Post' first published (until 1937) 14 May 1772—14 May 1772: Judge Mansfield rules that there is no legal basis for slavery in England
77	1774	13 September 1774—13 September 1774: Cook arrives on Easter Island
78	1775	19 April 1775—19 April 1775: Battle of Lexington: first action in American War of Independence (1775- 1783)
79	1776	1776—1776: Somerset House in London becomes the repository of records of population 1776—1776: Watt and Boulton produce their first commercial steam engine 4 July 1776—4 July 1776: American Declaration of Independence 7 September 1776—7 September 1776: First attack on a warship by a submarine - David Bushnell's ?Turtle' attacked HMS Eagle in New York harbour. The attack was perhaps spectacular (a charge did detonate beneath the ship) but was nevertheless unsuccessful. 'Turtle' was a one man Affair man-powered [Les Moore]
80	1777	1777—1777: Samuel Miller of Southampton patents the circular saw.
81	1779	1779—1779: Marc Isambard Brunel opens the first steamdriven sawmill at Chatham Dockyard in Kent 1779—1779: First iron bridge built, over the Severn by John Wilkinson 1779—1779: First Spinning Mills operational in Scotland 14 February 1779—14 February 1779: Capt James Cook killed on Hawaii 23 September 1779—23 September 1779: Naval engagement between Britain and USA off Flamborough Head
82	1780	1780—1780: Male Servants Tax 1780—1780: The English Reform Movement - until now, only landowners and tenants (freeholders with 40 shillings per year or more) allowed to vote, and in open poll books 1780—1780: Fountain pen invented 1780—1780: About this time the word 'Quiz' entered the language, said to have been invented as a wager by Mr Daly, a Dublin theatre manager 4 May 1780—4 May 1780: First Derby run at Epsom (some say 2nd June) 2 June 1780—2 June 1780: Jun 2- 8: The Gordon Riots - Parliament passes a Roman Catholic relief measure - for days, London is at the mercy of a mob and destruction is widespread
83	1782	1782—1782: Gilbert's Act establishes outdoor poor relief - the way of life of the poor beginning to alter due to industrialisation - New factories in rapidly expanding towns required a workforce that would adjust to new work patterns 1782—1782: James Watt patents his steam engine
84	1783	1783—1783: Duty payable on Parish Register entries (3d per entry - repealed 1794) - led to a fall in entries! 3 September 1783—3 September 1783: Treaty of Versailles (Britain/US) 3 November 1783—3 November 1783: Last public execution at Tyburn in London (John Austin, a highwayman)
85	1784	1784—1784: Pitt's India Act - the Crown (as opposed to officers of the East India Company) has power to guide Indian politics 1784—1784: Wesley breaks with the Church of England 1784—1784: First golf club founded at St Andrews 1784—1784: Invention of threshing machine by Andrew Meikle 2 August 1784—2 August 1784: First mail coaches in England (4pm Bristol / 8am London)
86	1785	1785—1785: Sunday School Society founded to educate poor children (by 1851, enrols more than 2 million) 1 January 1785—1 January 1785: John Walter publishes first edition of The Times (called The Daily Universal Register for 3 years)
87	1787	1787—1787: MCC (Marylebone Cricket Club) established at Thomas Lord's ground in London
88	1788	1788—1788: First steamboat demonstrated in Scotland 1788—1788: Law passed requiring that chimney sweepers be a minimum of 8 years old (not enforced) 1788—1788: First slave carrying act, the Dolben Act of 1788, regulates the slave trade - stipulates more humane conditions on slave ships 1788—1788: King George III's mental illness occasions the Regency Crisis - Edmund Burke and Charles James Fox attack ministry of William Pitt - trying to obtain full regal powers for the Prince of Wales 1788—1788: Gibbon completes Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire' 26 January 1788—26 January 1788: First convicts (and free settlers) arrive in New South Wales (left Portsmouth 13 May 1787) ? the 'First Fleet'; eleven ships commanded by Captain Arthur Phillip
89	1789	28 April 1789—28 April 1789: Mutiny on HMS Bounty - Captain William Bligh and 18 sailors are set adrift and the rebel crew ends up on Pitcairn Island
90	1790	1790—1790: Forth and Clyde Canal opened in Scotland
91	1791	1791—1791: John Bell, printer, abandons the long s' (the 's' that looks like an 'f') 1791—1791: Establishment of the Ordnance Survey of Great Britain 4 December 1791—4 December 1791: First publication of The Observer - world's oldest Sunday newspaper
92	1792	1792—1792: Repression in Britain (restrictions on freedom of the press) - Fox gets Libel Act through Parliament, requiring a jury and not a judge to determine libel 1792—1792: Boyle's Street Directory published 1792—1792: Coal-gas lighting invented by William Murdock, an Ayrshire Scot 1 October 1792—1 October 1792: Introduction of Money Orders in Britain 1 December 1792—1 December 1792: King's Proclamation drawing out the British militia
93	1793	11 February 1793—11 February 1793: Britain declares war on France (1793-1802) 15 April 1793—15 April 1793: ?5 notes first issued by the Bank of England
94	1794	1794—1794: Abolition of Parish Register duties 6 October 1794—6 October 1794: The prosecutor for Britain, Lord Justice Eyre, charges reformers with High Treason - he argued that, since reform of parliament would lead to revolution and revolution to executing the King, the desire for reform endangered the King's life and was therefore treasonous
95	1795	1795—1795: The Famine Year 1795—1795: Foundation of the Orange Order 1795—1795: Speenhamland Act proclaims that the Parish is responsible for bringing up the labourer's wage to subsistence level - towards the end of the eighteenth century, the number of poor and unemployed increased dramatically - price increases during the Napoleonic Wars (1793-1815) far outstripped wage rises - many small farmers were bankrupted by the move towards enclosures and became landless labourers - their wages were often pitifully low 1795—1795: Pitt and Grenville introduce The Gagging Acts' or 'Two Bills' (the Seditious Meetings and Treasonable Practices Bills) - outlawed the mass meeting and the political lecture. 1795—1795: Consumption of lime juice made compulsory in Royal Navy
96	1796	1796—1796: Pitt's Reign of Terror': More treason trials - leading radicals emigrate 1796—1796: Legacy Tax on sums over ?20 excluding those to wives, children, parents and grandparents 14 May 1796—14 May 1796: Dr Edward Jenner gave first vaccination for smallpox in England
97	1797	1797—1797: England in Crisis, Bank of England suspends cash payments 1797—1797: Mutinies in the British Navy at Spithead and Nore 1797—1797: Tax on newspapers (including cheap, topical journals) increased to repress radical publications 1797—1797: The first copper pennies were produced ('cartwheels') by application of steam power to the coining press 22 February 1797—22 February 1797: French invade Fishguard, Wales; last time UK invaded; all captured 2 days later 26 February 1797—26 February 1797: First ?1 (and ?2) notes issued by Bank of England
98	1798	1798—1798: First planned human experiment with vaccination, to test theories of Edward Jenner February 1798—February 1798: The Irish Rebellion; 100,000 peasants revolt; approximately 25,000 die - Irish Parliament abolished (Feb-Oct) 1 August 1798—1 August 1798: Battle of the Nile (won by Nelson)
99	1799	1799—1799: Foundation of Royal Military College Sandhurst by the Duke of York 1799—1799: Foundation of the Royal Institution of Great Britain 9 January 1799—9 January 1799: Pitt brings in 10% income tax, as a wartime financial measure 12 July 1799—12 July 1799: 'Combination Laws' in Britain against political associations and combinations 15 July 1799—15 July 1799: ?Rosetta Stone' discovered in Egypt made possible the deciphering (in 1822) of Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics
100	1800	1800—1800: Electric light first produced by Sir Humphrey Davy 1800—1800: Use of high pressure steam pioneered by Richard Trevithick (1771-1833) 1800—1800: Royal College of Surgeons founded 1800—1800: Herschel discovers infra-red light 1800—1800: Volta makes first electrical battery 2 July 1800—2 July 1800: Parliamentary union of Great Britain and Ireland
101	1801	1801—1801: Grand Union Canal opens in England 1801—1801: Elgin Marbles brought from Athens to London 1 January 1801—1 January 1801: Union Jack becomes the official British flag 10 March 1801—10 March 1801: First census puts the population of England and Wales at 9,168,000. Population of Britain nearly 11 million (75% rural) 24 December 1801—24 December 1801: Richard Trevithick built the first self-propelled passenger carrying road loco
102	1802	25 March 1802—25 March 1802: Treaty of Amiens signed by Britain, France, Spain, and the Netherlands ? the 'Peace of Amiens' as it was known brought a temporary peace of 14 months during the Napoleonic Wars ? one of its most important cultural effects was that travel and correspondence across the English Channel became possible again
103	1803	1803—1803: Poaching made a Capital offense in England if capture resisted 1803—1803: Richard Trevithick built another steam carriage and ran it in London as the first self-propelled vehicle in the capital and the first London bus 1803—1803: Semaphore signaling perfected by Admiral Popham 30 April 1803—30 April 1803: Louisiana Purchase: Napoleon sells French possessions in America to United States 12 May 1803—12 May 1803: Peace of Amiens ends ? resumption of war with France ? The Napoleonic Wars (1803-18l5) 23 July 1803—23 July 1803: First public railway opens (Surrey Iron Railway, 9 miles from Wandsworth to Croydon, horse-drawn)
104	1804	1804—1804: Matthew Flinders recommends that the newly discovered country, New Holland, be renamed 'Australia' 21 February 1804—21 February 1804: Richard Trevithick runs his railway engine on the Penydarren Railway (9.5 miles from Pen-y-Darren to Abercynon in South Wales) this hauled a train with 10 tons of iron and 70 passengers. It was commemorated by the Royal Mint in 2004 in the form of A ?2 coin. 3 March 1804—3 March 1804: John Wedgwood (eldest son of the potter Josiah Wedgwood) founds The Royal Horticultural Society 2 December 1804—2 December 1804: Napoleon declares himself Emperor of the French 12 December 1804—12 December 1804: Spain declares war on Britain
105	1805	1805—1805: London docks opened 21 October 1805—21 October 1805: Admiral Nelson's victory at Trafalgar 2 December 1805—2 December 1805: Battle of Austerlitz; Napoleon defeats Austrians and Russians
106	1806	1806—1806: Dartmoor Prison opened (built by French prisoners) 9 January 1806—9 January 1806: Nelson buried in St Paul's cathedral, London
107	1807	25 March 1807—25 March 1807: Parliament passes Act prohibiting slavery and the importation of slaves from 1808 ? but does not prohibit colonial slavery
108	1808	1808—1808: Gas lighting in London streets 13 July 1808—13 July 1808: 'Hot Wednesday' ? temperature of 101?F in the shade recorded in London 20 December 1808—20 December 1808: Beethoven premieres his Fifth Symphony, Sixth Symphony, Fourth Piano Concerto and Choral Fantasy together in Vienna
109	1809	12 February 1809—12 February 1809: Birth of Charles Darwin 18 September 1809—18 September 1809: Royal Opera House opens in London
110	1810	1810—1810: John McAdam begins road construction in England, giving his name to the process of road metalling
111	1811	5 February 1811—5 February 1811: Prince of Wales (future George IV) made Regent after George III deemed insane
112	1812	11 May 1812—11 May 1812: Prime Minister, Spencer Perceval, assassinated ? shot as he entered the House of Commons by a bankrupt Liverpool broker, John Bellingham, who was subsequently hanged 18 June 1812—18 June 1812: Start of American 'War of 1812' (to 1814) against England and Canada October 1812—October 1812: Napoleon retreats from Moscow with catastrophic losses
113	1813	1813—1813: Ireland: First recorded '12th of July' sectarian riots in Belfast 1813—1813: Jane Austen wrote 'Pride and Prejudice'
114	1814	1 January 1814—1 January 1814: Invasion of France by Allies 6 April 1814—6 April 1814: Napoleon abdicates and is exiled to Elba 13 August 1814—13 August 1814: Convention of London signed, a treaty between the UK and the Dutch 24 August 1814—24 August 1814: The British burn the White House 29 November 1814—29 November 1814: 'The Times' first printed by a 'mechanical apparatus' (at 1100 sheets per hour) 24 December 1814—24 December 1814: Treaty of Ghent signed ending the 1812 war between Britain and the US
115	1815	1815—1815: Trial by Jury established in Scotland 1815—1815: Davy develops the safety lamp for miners 18 June 1815—18 June 1815: The Battle of Waterloo: Napoleon defeated and exiled to St. Helena
116	1816	1816—1816: Income tax abolished 1816—1816: For the first time British silver coins were produced with an intrinsic value substantially below their face value ? the first official 'token' coinage 1816—1816: Climate: the 'year without a summer' ? followed a volcanic explosion of the mountain 'Tambora in Indonesia the previous year the biggest volcanic explosion in 10000 years 1816—1816: Large scale emigration to North America 1816—1816: Trans-Atlantic packet service begins
117	1817	1817—1817: March of the Manchester Blanketeers; Habeas Corpus suspended 1817—1817: Constable painted 'Flatford Mill'
118	1818	1818—1818: Manchester cotton spinners' strike 20 October 1818—20 October 1818: 'Convention of 1818' signed between the United States and the United Kingdom which, among other things, settled the US-Canada border on the 49th parallel for most of its length
119	1819	1819—1819: Primitive bicycle, the Dandy Horse, becomes popular 1819—1819: Britain returns to gold standard 1819—1819: Singapore founded by Sir Stamford Raffles May 1819—May 1819: SS 'Savannah' first steamship to cross Atlantic reaching Liverpool 20 June 1819 (26 Days reaching Liverpool 20 June 1819 (26 Days mostly under sail) 16 August 1819—16 August 1819: Peterloo Massacre at Manchester ? a large, orderly group of 60,000 meets at St. Peter's Fields, Manchester ? demand Parliamentary Reform ? mounted troops charge on the meeting, killing 11 people and and maiming many others
120	1820	1820—1820: Cato Street Conspiracy ? plot to assissinate British cabinet 1820—1820: Abolition of the Spanish Inquisition 29 January 1820—29 January 1820: Accession of George IV, previously Prince Regent 1 August 1820—1 August 1820: Regent's Canal in London opens 17 August 1820—17 August 1820: Trial of Queen Caroline to prove her infidelities so George IV can divorce her ? George tries to secure a Bill of Pains and Penalties against her ? Caroline is virtually acquitted because bill passed by such a small majority of Lords
121	1821	1821—1821: Faraday publishes 'Principles of electro-magnetic rotation' 1821—1821: Constable paints 'The Hay Wain' 5 May 1821—5 May 1821: Napoleon Bonaparte dies on St Helena
122	1822	14 June 1822—14 June 1822: Charles Babbage proposes a difference engine in a paper to the Royal Astronomical Society
123	1823	1823—1823: New laws concerning marriage by license ? 'very troublesome' according to some the Act was repealed all in a hurry at the beginning of the next session 1823—1823: Peel begins penal reforms ? death penalty abolished for over 100 crimes 1823—1823: Rugby Football 'invented' at Rugby School 1823—1823: Rubberised waterproof material produced by MacIntosh 2 December 1823—2 December 1823: US President James Monroe delivers a speech establishing American neutrality in future European conflicts (the 'Monroe Doctrine')
124	1824	1824—1824: RSPCA established 1824—1824: Portland cement patented 4 March 1824—4 March 1824: Royal National Lifeboat Institution (RNLI) founded (called the 'National Institution for the Preservation of Life from Shipwreck' until 1854) 10 May 1824—10 May 1824: National Gallery in London opens to the public
125	1825	27 September 1825—27 September 1825: Stockton to Darlington Railway opens ? world's first service of locomotive-hauled passenger trains
126	1827	1827—1827: Ohm's Law published
127	1828	25 October 1828—25 October 1828: St Katharine Docks in London opened (designed by Thomas Telford)
128	1829	1829—1829: London Metropolitan Police Force formed, nicknamed 'Bobbies' after Sir Robert Peel 1829—1829: Louis Braille invents his system of finger-reading for the blind 10 June 1829—10 June 1829: First Oxford/Cambridge Boat Race 6 October 1829—6 October 1829: George Stephenson's Rocket wins the Rainhill trials (it was the only one to complete the trial!)
129	1830	1830—1830: Uprisings and agitation across Europe: the Netherlands are split into Holland and Belgium July 1830—July 1830: Revolution in France, fall of Charles X and the Bourbons ? Louis Philippe (the Citizen King) on the throne 15 September 1830—15 September 1830: George Stephenson's Liverpool & Manchester Railway opened by the Duke of Wellington ? first mail carried by rail, and first death on the railway as William Huskisson, a leading politician, is run over!
130	1831	1831—1831: A list of all parish registers dating prior to 1813 compiled 1 June 1831—1 June 1831: James Clark Ross discovers the North Magnetic Pole 1 August 1831—1 August 1831: 'New' London Bridge opens (replaced 1973) ? old bridge (which had existed for over 600 years) then demolished
131	1832	1832—1832: Electoral Registers introduced 1832—1832: Electric telegraph invented by Morse 7 June 1832—7 June 1832: Reform Bill passed ? Representation of the People Act
132	1833	January 1833—January 1833: Britain invades the Falkland Islands 29 August 1833—29 August 1833: Factory Act forbids employment of children below age of 9
133	1834	1834—1834: Babbage invents forerunner of the computer 18 March 1834—18 March 1834: 'Tolpuddle Martyrs' transported (to Australia) for Trades Union activities 1 May 1834—1 May 1834: Slavery abolished in British possessions
134	1835	1835—1835: Christmas becomes a national holiday 1835—1835: First railway boom period starts in Britain construction of Great Western Railway
135	1836	1836—1836: First Potato famine in Ireland 30 January 1836—30 January 1836: Telford's Menai Straits Bridge opened ? considered the world's first modern suspension bridge 25 February 1836—25 February 1836: Samuel Colt patented the 'revolver' 6 March 1836—6 March 1836: The Alamo falls to Mexican troops - death of Davy Crockett July 1836—July 1836: Inauguration of the Arc de Triomphe in Paris
136	1837	1837—1837: Pitman introduces his shorthand system 1837—1837: P&O Founded 20 June 1837—20 June 1837: William IV dies - accession of Queen Victoria (to 1901) 1 July 1837—1 July 1837: Compulsory registration of Births, Marriages & Deaths in England & Wales - Registration Districts were formed covering several parishes; initially they had the same boundaries as the Poor Law boundaries set up in 1834 13 July 1837—13 July 1837: Queen Victoria moves into the first Buckingham Palace 20 July 1837—20 July 1837: Euston Railway station opens - first in London
137	1838	28 June 1838—28 June 1838: Coronation of Queen Victoria at Westminster Abbey
138	1839	1839—1839: First Opium War between Britain and China (to 1842) - Britain captures Hong Kong 1839—1839: Scottish blacksmith Kirkpatrick MacMillan refines the primitive bicycle adding a mechanical crank drive to the rear wheel,thus creating the first true 'bicycle' in the modern Sense 1839—1839: Charles Goodyear invented vulcanized rubber
139	1840	1840—1840: Population Act relating to taking of censuses in Britain 1840—1840: Last convicts landed in NSW (some say 1842 or 1849, but these probably landed elsewhere) 10 January 1840—10 January 1840: Uniform Penny Postage introduced nationally
140	1841	1841—1841: Thomas Cook starts package tours 10 February 1841—10 February 1841: Penny Red replaces Penny Black postage stamp 6 June 1841—6 June 1841: June 6: First full census in Britain in which all names were recorded (Population 18.5M)
141	1842	1842—1842: Income Tax reintroduced in Britain 30 March 1842—30 March 1842: Ether used as an anesthetic for the first time (by Dr Crawford Long in America) 29 August 1842—29 August 1842: Treaty of Nanking - End of First Opium War - Britain gains Hong Kong
142	1843	1843—1843: First Christmas card in England 27 May 1843—27 May 1843: The Great Hall of Euston station opened in London 19 July 1843—19 July 1843: Brunel's 'Great Britain' launched
143	1844	6 June 1844—6 June 1844: YMCA founded in London by Sir George Williams
144	1845	1845—1845: Tarmac laid for first time (in Nottingham) 17 March 1845—17 March 1845: The rubber band patented by Stephen Perry
145	1846	10 September 1846—10 September 1846: The sewing machine is patented by Elias Howe
146	1847	1847—1847: US Mormons make Salt Lake City their centre January 1847—January 1847: An anesthetic used for the first time in England (James Simpson used ether to numb the pain of labour)
147	1848	1848—1848: First commercial production of chewing gum 24 January 1848—24 January 1848: Gold found at Sutter's Mill, California - starts the California gold rush 11 July 1848—11 July 1848: Waterloo railway station in London opens
148	1849	1849—1849: Florin (2 shilling coin) introduced as the first step to decimalisation - which finally occurred in 1971!
149	1851	1851—1851: Gold discovered in Australia 1 May 1851—1 May 1851: Great exhibition of the works of industry of all nations ('Crystal Palace' exhibition) opened in Hyde Park
150	1852	1852—1852: Tasmania ceases to be a convict settlement 1852—1852: Wells Fargo established in USA
151	1853	1853—1853: Vaccination against smallpox made compulsory in Britain
152	1854	1854—1854: Cigarettes introduced into Britain 27 March 1854—27 March 1854: Britain declares war on Russia (Crimean War) 25 October 1854—25 October 1854: Battle of Balaklava in Crimea (charge of the Light Brigade)
153	1856	1856—1856: End of Crimean War 29 January 1856—29 January 1856: Victoria Cross created by Royal Warrant, backdated to 1854 to recognise acts during the Crimean War (first award ceremony 26 June 1857)
154	1857	1857—1857: Work starts on the laying of the Transatlantic cable
155	1858	1858—1858: 'The great stink' - smell of the River Thames forced Parliament to stop work 1858—1858: Royal Opera House opens in Covent Garden, London
156	1859	1859—1859: Peaceful picketing legalised in Britain 25 April 1859—25 April 1859: Work started on building the Suez canal (opened 17 Nov 1869) 4 May 1859—4 May 1859: Brunel's Royal Albert Bridge opened at Saltash giving rail link between Devon and Cornwall 24 November 1859—24 November 1859: Charles Darwin publishes 'The Origin of Species'
157	1860	29 August 1860—29 August 1860: First tram service in Europe starts in Birkenhead
158	1861	25 May 1861—25 May 1861: American Civil War begins
159	1862	1862—1862: Lincoln issues first legal US paper money (Greenbacks) 20 April 1862—20 April 1862: First pasteurisation test completed by Louis Pasteur and Claude Bernard
160	1863	1863—1863: Football Association founded (UK) 1863—1863: Opening of state institution for criminally insane at Broadmoor, England 10 January 1863—10 January 1863: First section of the London Underground Railway opens
161	1864	1864—1864: A man-powered submarine, 'Hunley' sank a Federal steam ship USS Housatonic at the entrance to Charleston harbour in 1864 - the first recorded successful attack by a submarine on a surface ship 11 March 1864—11 March 1864: The Great Sheffield Flood - over 250 died when a new dam broke while it was being filled for the first time 20 August 1864—20 August 1864: Red Cross established - Twelve nations sign the First Geneva Convention 8 December 1864—8 December 1864: Clifton Suspension Bridge over the River Avon officially opened
162	1865	1865—1865: Elizabeth Garrett Anderson (1836-1917) becomes first woman doctor in England [she later became the first woman mayor in England, in Aldeburgh 1908] 1865—1865: First concrete roads built in Britain 14 April 1865—14 April 1865: End of American Civil War - slavery abolished in USA 14 April 1865—14 April 1865: Abraham Lincoln assassinated in Ford's Theatre by John Wilkes Booth 5 July 1865—5 July 1865: William Booth (1829-1912) founds Salvation Army, in London
163	1867	1 July 1867—1 July 1867: The British North America Act takes effect, creating the Canadian Confederation
164	1868	1868—1868: Last convicts landed in Australia (Western Australia)
165	1869	1869—1869: Ball bearings, celluloid, margarine, and washing machines, all invented 23 November 1869—23 November 1869: Cutty Sark launched in Dumbarton
166	1870	1870—1870: GPO takes over the privately-owned Telegraph Companies (nationalised) 1870—1870: Dr Thomas Barnardo opens his first home for destitute children 1870—1870: Water closets come into wide use 1870—1870: Diamonds discovered in Kimberley, South Africa 1 October 1870—1 October 1870: First British postcard - halfpenny post
167	1871	27 March 1871—27 March 1871: First Rugby Football international, England v Scotland, played in Edinburgh 29 March 1871—29 March 1871: Opening of Royal Albert Hall, London 29 June 1871—29 June 1871: Trades Unions legalised in Britain, but picketing made illegal
168	1872	1872—1872: Licensing hours introduced 1872—1872: Penalties introduced for failing to register births, marriages & deaths (Eng & Wales) 4 December 1872—4 December 1872: American ship 'Mary Celeste' is found abandoned by the British brig 'Dei Gratia' in the Atlantic Ocean
169	1874	1874—1874: Factory Act introduces 56-hour week 5 April 1874—5 April 1874: Birkenhead Park opened, said to be the first civic public park in the world - features of it later copied in Central Park, New York
170	1875	1875—1875: London's main sewage system completed 1 January 1875—1 January 1875: Midland Railway abolishes Second Class passenger facilities, leaving First Class and Third Class. Other British railway companies followed during the rest of the year. (Third Class was renamed Second Class in 1956)
171	1876	14 February 1876—14 February 1876: Alexander Graham Bell and Elisha Gray each file a patent for the telephone - Bell awarded the rights
172	1877	1877—1877: Edison invents microphone and phonograph
173	1878	1878—1878: Edison & Swan invent electric lamp 1878—1878: Red Flag Act in Britain limits mechanical road vehicles to 4mph 1878—1878: CID established at New Scotland Yard
174	1879	18 September 1879—18 September 1879: Blackpool illuminations switched on for first time
175	1880	1880—1880: Education Act: schooling compulsory for 5-10 year olds 1880—1880: Mosquito found to be the carrier of malaria 2 August 1880—2 August 1880: Greenwich Mean Time adopted throughout UK
176	1881	1881—1881: Postal Orders introduced 1881—1881: Flogging abolished in Army and Royal Navy September 1881—September 1881: Godalming in Surrey became the first town in England to have a public electricity supply installed (but in 1884 it reverted to gas lighting until 1904) 26 October 1881—26 October 1881: Gunfight at OK Corral
177	1882	1882—1882: Fourth Eddystone Lighthouse completed
178	1883	1883—1883: Statue of Liberty presented to USA by France 24 May 1883—24 May 1883: Brooklyn Bridge, New York opens (crosses East River) 1 August 1883—1 August 1883: Parcel post starts in Britain 27 August 1883—27 August 1883: Eruption of Krakatoa near Java - 30,000 killed by tidal wave
179	1884	31 May 1884—31 May 1884: John Harvey Kellogg patents corn flakes 13 October 1884—13 October 1884: Greenwich made prime meridian of the world
180	1885	1885—1885: Carl Benz builds the 'Motorwagen', a single-cylinder motor car 1885—1885: Gottlieb Daimler patents the world's first motorcycle 1885—1885: Eastman makes first coated photographic paper 1885—1885: Canadian Pacific Railway completed March 1885—March 1885: First UK cremation in modern times took place at Woking 5 September 1885—5 September 1885: The first train runs through the Severn Tunnel 29 September 1885—29 September 1885: First electric tramcar used at Blackpool
181	1886	20 January 1886—20 January 1886: Mersey railway (under Mersey) opened by Prince of Wales May 1886—May 1886: Pharmacist John Styth Pemberton invents a carbonated beverage later named 'Coca-Cola' 29 May 1886—29 May 1886: Putney Bridge opens in London
182	1887	1887—1887: Daimler produces a four-wheeled motor car
183	1888	1888—1888: Convention of Constantinople guarantees free maritime passage through Suez Canal in war and peace 1888—1888: Jack the Ripper active in east London during the latter half of the year 1888—1888: County Councils set up in Britain 1888—1888: Dunlop invents pneumatic tyre 1888—1888: First box camera - George Eastman registers the trademark Kodak, and receives a patent for his camera which uses roll film 20 March 1888—20 March 1888: Football League formed
184	1889	1889—1889: Celluloid film produced 1889—1889: Dock Strike - docker's won their 'Docker's Tanner' 6 old pennies 31 March 1889—31 March 1889: Eiffel Tower completed (to mark centenary of French Revolution) 14 May 1889—14 May 1889: Children's charity NSPCC launched in London 3 June 1889—3 June 1889: Canadian Pacific Railway completed from coast to coast 28 September 1889—28 September 1889: Length of a metre defined
185	1890	4 March 1890—4 March 1890: Forth railway bridge opens - took six years to build 4 November 1890—4 November 1890: City & South London Railway opens - London's first deep-level tube railway and first major railway in the world to use electric traction
186	1891	1891—1891: Primary education made free and compulsory 18 March 1891—18 March 1891: First telephone link between London & Paris 4 May 1891—4 May 1891: Fictional date when Sherlock Holmes throws Moriarty over Reichenbach Falls, then disappears for 3 years! (published in 1893) 24 August 1891—24 August 1891: Thomas Edison patents the motion picture camera
187	1892	1892—1892: Electric oven invented 1892—1892: Shop Hours Act - limit 74 hours per week for under-18's 6 October 1892—6 October 1892: Alfred Lord Tennyson dies, aged 83, at his house Aldworth, near Haslemere
188	1893	1893—1893: Henry Ford's first car 1893—1893: Zip fastener invented
189	1894	1894—1894: Picture postcard introduced in Britain 1 January 1894—1 January 1894: Manchester Ship Canal opens 1 March 1894—1 March 1894: Blackpool Tower opens 30 June 1894—30 June 1894: Tower Bridge first opens 2 August 1894—2 August 1894: Death duties first introduced in Britain
190	1895	1895—1895: Sir Henry Wood starts Promenade Concerts in London 12 January 1895—12 January 1895: The National Trust founded in England 24 May 1895—24 May 1895: Henry Irving becomes the first person from the theatre to be knighted 28 May 1895—28 May 1895: Oscar Wilde sent to prison 12 July 1895—12 July 1895: First recorded motor journey of any length (56 miles) in Britain 17 October 1895—17 October 1895: First people in Britain to be charged with motor offences - John Henry Knight and James Pullinger of Farnham, Surrey November 1895—November 1895: X-rays discovered
191	1896	5 April 1896—5 April 1896: First modern Olympic Games held in Athens 2 June 1896—2 June 1896: Guglielmo Marconi receives a British patent (later disputed) for the radio
192	1897	1897—1897: Thomas Edison patents the Kinetoscope, the first movie projector
193	1898	1898—1898: First photograph using artificial light 1898—1898: Zeppelin builds airship 1898—1898: Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company founded 17 March 1898—17 March 1898: USS Holland launched, the first practical submarine 27 June 1898—27 June 1898: The first solo circumnavigation of the globe completed at Rhode island by Joshua Slocum in Spray (started from Boston, Mass on Apr 24, 1895)
194	1899	6 March 1899—6 March 1899: Aspirin first marketed by Bayer 11 October 1899—11 October 1899: Start of Second Boer War
195	1900	1900—1900: School leaving age in Britain raised to 14 years 1900—1900: Central Line opens in London: underground is electrified 1900—1900: Escalator shown at Paris exhibition 9 February 1900—9 February 1900: Davis Cup tennis competition established 27 February 1900—27 February 1900: Labour Party formed
196	1901	1901—1901: Commonwealth of Australia founded 1901—1901: Hubert Cecil Booth patents the vacuum cleaner 22 January 1901—22 January 1901: Queen Victoria dies - Edward VII king 2 February 1901—2 February 1901: Queen Victoria's funeral - interred beside Prince Albert in the Frogmore Mausoleum at Windsor Great Park June 1901—June 1901: Denunciation of use of concentration camps by British in Boer War 2 October 1901—2 October 1901: Britain's first submarine launched 12 December 1901—12 December 1901: First successful radio transmission across the Atlantic, by Marconi - Morse code from Cornwall to Newfoundland
197	1902	1902—1902: Balfour's Education Act provides for secondary education 1902—1902: Cremation Act - cremation can only take place at officially recognised establishments, and with two death certificates issued 1902—1902: Marie Curie discovers radioactivity 24 May 1902—24 May 1902: Empire Day (later Commonwealth Day) first celebrated 31 May 1902—31 May 1902: Treaty of Vereeniging ends Second Boer War 9 August 1902—9 August 1902: Coronation of Edward VII
198	1903	1903—1903: Workers' Education Association (WEA) formed in Britain 1903—1903: Women's Social and Political Union formed in Britain by Emmeline Pankhurst 1903—1903: Henry Ford sets up his motor company 14 December 1903—14 December 1903: First flight of Wilbur & Orville Wright
199	1904	1904—1904: Leeds University established 8 April 1904—8 April 1904: France and UK sign the Entente Cordiale 4 May 1904—4 May 1904: America takes over construction of the Panama Canal from the French (completed 1914)